7^th International conference on Environmental Microbiology, Soil Microbiology & Microbial Biogeochemistry July 11-12, 2018 Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Soil science is a radiant culture media for the extension and advancement of grouped microorganisms. The soil is related idle static material, however, a medium beating with life. Soil at present is accepted to be a dynamic or living framework containing numerous particular groups of microorganisms and among them like parasites, actinomycetes, protozoa and infections square measure the principal fundamental. Micro-organisms make a truly little portion of the dirt mass and involve a volume of yet one-hundredth. Inside the higher layer of soil, the microbial population is high to a great degree that reduces the profundity of soil. Each creature or a gaggle of life forms square measure responsible for a chose correction or change inside the dirt. The respective session of this Microbiology Conference will focus on Maintenance of biological equilibrium, minimization of pollutants in agricultural soil by microbes, biofertilizers and biopesticides and related such areas which will bring forward the importance of soil microbiology

Pharmaceutical microbiology is the applied branch of microbiology which allows pharmacists to manufacture pharmaceuticals from microorganisms either directly or with the use of some product produced by them.  Other aspects of pharmaceutical microbiology include research and development for manufacturing of various anti- tumours, anti-microbial agents.

A biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover is a pathway by that a chemical substance moves through both the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth. A cycle is a series of transmuting which comes back to the commencement point and which can be reiterated. The term "biogeochemical" tells us about the biological, geological and chemical factors. The circulation of chemical nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and dihydrogen monoxide etc. through the biological and physical world are kenned as "biogeochemical cycles".

Applied Microbiology is a set of practices that use living cells or component cells such as enzymes to generate industrial products & processes. It is a key enabling technology to realize a bio-economy that uses biological resources as an input to industrial processes, and bio-based processes to help industries become more environmentally sustainable.

Microbial productions have occupied a significant role in various areas of fermentation industry, food and beverage industry, biotechnology research, detergent industry. Microbial productions have a pivotal responsibility in industrial biotechnology which involves the use of microorganisms and enzymes to produce biobased products in sectors like chemicals, food & feed, paper, textiles and bioenergy. Microbial products include antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, amino acids. Antibiotics are substances derived by some bacteria or fungi that can either inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms. Antibiotics are produced industrially by fermentation where the source microorganism is grown in containers of size 100,000–150,000 litters or more in the presence of liquid growth medium.

Scope and Importance: Microalgae as a biofactory offer a promising approach towards the production of omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids provide significant health benefits and their consumption has increased as dietary supplements. Microalgal biotechnology explores the potential applications of autotrophic microalgae as aquaculture feed and in the development of biofuel crops. Microalgae can also be used as the production platforms for the development of omega- 3 fatty acids. Studies have reported that techniques like metabolic engineering and selective breeding can be applied successfully to produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in microalgae.

Microbial cells, either bacteria or yeast are used as hosts to produce recombinant pharmaceuticals. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) have represented that the microbial cells represent convenient and powerful tools for recombinant protein production. Biofactory refers to any system that can produce useful amounts of biologically-active compounds such as recombinant proteins, therapeutics. Hosts such as bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cells, transgenic plants and animals can be exploited for the large-scale production of diagnostic and therapeutic proteins. Molecular farming which is a keystone tool of plant biotechnology focuses on the exploitation of plants of agronomic relevance as biofactories for large-scale production of biomolecules. The whole plant or plant cell culture have been used for the production of biopharmaceuticals like cytokines, blood proteins, milk proteins, hormones, antibodies, metabolic enzymes, antigens and vaccines and many more biological molecules used in animal and human health care.

Microbial Resource Management (MRM) is the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms of potential benefit to people. The term constitutes novel cultivars and specimens; conventional cultivars and specimens; special genetic stocks; wild relatives of domesticated species; and genetic variants of wild resource species. A wild genetic resource is the wild relative of a microbe that is already known to be of economic importance. The cause for conserving such a resource includes the provision of direct and indirect economic aid. However, the conserved genetic material must be made available to the people who require it to improve the productivity, aspect, or pest resistance of utilized microbial conscience of genetic resources. The values we acquire from microorganism genetic resources are generally associated with the common levels of organization and divergence that prevail in nature, from ecosystems to species, populations, entity and genes. In considering the conservation of microorganisms genetic resources it is necessary to clearly stipulate objectives designed. This is of absolute importance, as it is feasible to conserve an ecosystem and static drop of definite species; and to maintain a species and lose genetically distinct populations, or genes which may be of value in adaptation and future improvement of the species with beneficial, microbial and insect germplasm should be seized and assure through the extension of genebanks or in situ preserves for long-term accessibility. The genetic content of acquired germplasm should be characterized to ensure comprehensive genetic variability while diminishing genetic redundancy. The microbial and insect potential of unaltered germplasm must be determined.

               Recycling is the process to change waste materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, the main use of recycling process is to reduce consumption of fresh raw materials and also reduce the energy usage and reduce air pollution and also reduce water pollution. There are some types of recycling are available they are e-cycle recycling, plastic recycling, physical recycling, chemical recycling, Recycling of food wastage and recycling of industrial waste.

                        Importance and Scope: Vast research is going on recycling all over the world to minimise pollution in the environment to produce clean and green environment. Spain is the place where research doing around the world. Also, the Spain government is trying to encourage more people to recycle their waste and reduce Spain's waste mountain and some other countries whoever doing research on recycling are Switzerland, united states, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Senegal etc. Most commonly recyclable products are steel, glass, aluminium cans and foil and some other materials. Recycling helps extend the life usefulness of something that has already served its initial purpose by producing something that useful. Recycling benefits not only limited to human beings and also useful for the planet.             

Public Health Microbiology is a branch of healthcare concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.

A healthcare microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. Using this information a treatment can be devised. Infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen that causes the disease may be exogenous (acquired from an external source; environmental, animal or other people, e.g. Influenza) or endogenous (from normal flora e.g. candidiasis). The site at which a microbe enters the body is referred to as the portal of entry. These include the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, skin, and mucous membranes. The portal of entry for a specific microbe is normally dependent on how it travels from its natural habitat to the host.

The mechanisms of infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus in cells of the host are crucial for its survival. Once an infection has been diagnosed and identified, suitable treatment options must be assessed by the physician and consulting medical microbiologists. Some infections can be dealt with by the body’s own immune system, but more serious infections are treated with antimicrobial drugs. Bacterial infections are treated with antibacterial (often called antibiotics).

Metagenomics (also referred to as environmental and community genomics) is the genomic analysis of microorganisms by direct extraction and cloning of DNA from an assemblage of microorganisms. The development of Metagenomics stemmed from the ineluctable evidence that as-yet-uncultured microorganisms represent the vast majority of organisms in most environments on earth. This evidence was derived from analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified directly from the environment, an approach that avoided the bias imposed by culturing and led to the discovery of vast new lineages of microbial life. Metagenomics is the study of the collective genomes of the members of a microbial community. It involves cloning and analysing the genomes without culturing the organisms in the community, thereby offering the opportunity to describe the planet’s diverse microbial inhabitants, many of which cannot yet be cultured.

Metagenomics analysis involves isolating DNA from an environmental sample, cloning the DNA into a suitable vector, transforming the clones into a host bacterium, and screening the resulting transformants. The clones can be screened for phylogenetic markers or “anchors,” such as 16S rRNA and recA, or for other conserved genes by hybridization or multiplex PCR (136) or for expression of specific traits, such as enzyme activity or antibiotic production, or they can be sequenced randomly. Each approach has strengths and limitations; together these approaches have enriched our understanding of the uncultured world, providing insight into groups of prokaryotes that are otherwise entirely unknown.

Microbes are not only causing of ill also beneficial for mankind in many ways, can be whole organisms or naturally synthesized small entities, either primary or secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, polyketides, urea, amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid bases, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, taxol which are of utilized in medicinal purpose, cosmetics, dietary supplements and food having core biological activities and chemical compositions.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food, including the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage. "Good" bacteria, however, such as probiotics, are becoming increasingly important in food science. In addition, microorganisms are essential for the production of foods such as cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer, wine and, other fermented foods.

Importance and Scope: Food safety is a major focus of food microbiology. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses and toxins produced by microorganisms are all possible contaminants of food. However, microorganisms and their products can also be used to combat these pathogenic microbes. Probiotic bacteria, including those that produce bacteriocins, can kill and inhibit pathogens. Alternatively, purified bacteriocins such as nisin can be added directly to food products. Finally, bacteriophages, viruses that only infect bacteria, can be used to kill bacterial pathogens. Thorough preparation of food, including proper cooking, eliminates most bacteria and viruses. However, toxins produced by contaminants may not be liable to change to non-toxic forms by heating or cooling the contaminated food. Fermentation is one of the methods to preserve food and alter its quality. Yeast, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is used to leaven bread, brew beer and make wine. Certain bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, are used to make yoghurt, cheese, hot sauce, pickles, fermented sausages and dishes such as kimchi. A common effect of these fermentations is that the food product is less hospitable to other microorganisms, including pathogens and spoilage-causing microorganisms, thus extending the food's shelf-life. Some cheese varieties also require moulds to ripen and develop their characteristic flavours. To ensure the safety of food products, microbiological tests such as testing for pathogens and spoilage organisms are required. This way the risk of contamination under normal use conditions can be examined and food poisoning outbreaks can be prevented. Testing of food products and ingredients is important along the whole supply chain as possible flaws of products can occur at every stage of production. Apart from detecting spoilage, microbiological tests can also determine germ content, identify yeasts and moulds, and salmonella. For salmonella, scientists are also developing rapid and portable technologies capable of identifying unique variants of Salmonella. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a quick and inexpensive method to generate numbers of copies of a DNA fragment at a specific band ("PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)," 2008). For that reason, scientists are using PCR to detect different kinds of viruses or bacteria, such as HIV and anthrax based on their unique DNA patterns. Various kits are commercially available to help in food pathogen nucleic acids extraction, PCR detection, and differentiation. The detection of bacterial strands in food products is very important to everyone in the world, for it helps prevent the occurrence of foodborne illness. Therefore, PCR is recognized as a DNA detector in order to amplify and trace the presence of pathogenic strands in different processed food.

Organisms rarely live in isolation. Many rely on other creatures as sources of food or nutrients. Photosynthetic plants and microbes provide oxygen that humans need to live. Trees offer shelter to other plants and animals. Some relationships between different organisms, though, are more involved. One organism may depend on another for its survival. Sometimes they need each other. This is called symbiosis.

Often, especially with microbes, one organism lives inside another — the host. When both organisms benefit from the relationship, it is called mutualism. When only one organism benefits, but the other one is not harmed, it is called commensalism. Microbial symbiosis occurs between two microbes. Microbes, however, form associations with other types of organisms, including plants and animals. Bacteria have a long history of symbiotic relationships and have evolved in conjunction with their hosts. Other microbes, such as fungi and protists, also form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Bacteria form symbiotic relationships with many organisms, including humans. One example is the bacteria that live inside the human digestive system. These microbes break down food and produce vitamins that humans need. In return, the bacteria benefit from the stable environment inside the intestines. Bacteria also colonize human skin. The bacteria obtain nutrients from the surface of the skin while providing people with protection against more dangerous microbes. Fungi and plants form mutually-beneficial relationships called mycorrhizal associations. The fungi increase the absorption of water and nutrients by the plants and benefit from the compounds produced by the plants during photosynthesis. The fungus also protects the roots from diseases. Some fungi form extensive networks beneath the ground and have been known to transport nutrients between plants and trees in different locations. Lichens are an example of a symbiotic relationship between two microbes, fungi and algae. So far, around 25,000 lichens have been identified. They grow on rocks and tree trunks, with colours ranging from pale whitish green to bright red and orange. The lichens grow in several forms: thin and crusty coverings; small branching strands; or flat, leaf-like structures. They are usually the first plants to grow in the cold and dry habitats that they favour. Certain protists and algae form a symbiotic relationship known as living sands. This type of association occurs in tropical and semitropical seas and appears as green, orange, brown or red deposits containing calcium carbonate. Living sands were used in the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. Many different types of algae combine with their protist hosts. Without the algae, the protists cannot survive very long. Similar to living sands, some protists extract chloroplasts from diatoms, a type of algae. The chloroplasts provide the protists with the ability to convert sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis. Eventually, the chloroplasts break down and stop functioning.

Scope and Importance: Microbial Interactions and Bio-films in the environment facilitate to characterise the interactions of organisms with their environment. This approach has many advantages for studying organism-environment interactions and for assessing organism function and health at the molecular level. There are many techniques to analyze the interactions of organisms with their environment. Microbial Interactions and Bio-films are being used to study the effects of environmental stress – such as pollution and climate change – on the health microbes, plants and animals that live in our natural environment.

Biofilms are facilitating in characterizing organism response to environmental stressors, whether they are abiotic stressors, such as temperature stress due to climate change (natural) and pollution (anthropogenic), or biotic interactions, such as infection and predation or a combination of more than one stressor. As a result, characterizing organism responses to environmental stressors can be complicated because multiple stressors can induce a variety of simultaneous changes in the microbial interactions.

Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The term Single Cell Protein (SCP) refers to the dried microbial cells or total protein extracted from pure microbial cell culture (Algae, bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts), which can be used as a food supplement to humans (Food Grade) or animals (Feed grade). Probiotics may seem new to the food and supplement industry, but they have been with us from our first breath. Probiotics serve as a source of functional and medical food.

Scope and Importance: The discovery that bacteria are able to communicate with each other changed our general perception of many single, simple organisms inhabiting our world. Instead of language, bacteria use signalling molecules which are released into the environment. As well as releasing the signalling molecules, bacteria are also able to measure the number (concentration) of the molecules within a population. Nowadays we use the term 'Quorum Sensing' (QS) to describe the phenomenon whereby the accumulation of signalling molecules enable a single cell to sense the number of bacteria (cell density). In the natural environment, there are many different bacteria living together which use various classes of signalling molecules. As they employ different languages they cannot necessarily talk to all other bacteria. Today, several quorum sensing systems are intensively studied in various organisms such as marine bacteria and several pathogenic bacteria.

Aquatic microbiology is the science that deals with microscopic living organisms in fresh or saltwater systems. While aquatic microbiology can encompass all microorganisms, including microscopic plants and animals, it more commonly refers to the study of bacteria, viruses, and fungi and their relation to other organisms in the aquatic environment.

Importance and Scope: Bacteria are quite diverse in nature. The scientific classification of bacteria divides them into 19 major groups based on their shape, cell structure, staining properties (used in the laboratory for identification), and metabolic functions. Bacteria occur in many sizes as well ranging from 0.1 micrometres to greater than 500 micrometres. Some are motile and have flagella, which are tail-like structures used for movement. Although soil is the most common habitat of fungi, they are also found in aquatic environments. Aquatic fungi are collectively called water moulds or aquatic Phycomycetes. They are found on the surface of decaying plant and animal matter in ponds and streams. Some fungi are parasitic and prey on algae and protozoa. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi are widely distributed throughout aquatic environments. They can be found in freshwater rivers, lakes, and streams, in the surface waters and sediments of the world's oceans, and even in hot springs. They have even been found supporting diverse communities at hydrothermal vents in the depths of the oceans. Microorganisms living in these diverse environments must deal with a wide range of physical conditions, and each has specific adaptations to live in the particular place it calls home. For example, some have adapted to live in fresh waters with very low salinity, while others live in the saltiest parts of the ocean. Some must deal with the harsh cold of arctic waters, while those in hot springs are subjected to intense heat. In addition, aquatic microorganisms can be found living in environments where there are extremes in other physical parameters such as pressure, sunlight, organic substances, dissolved gases, and water clarity. Aquatic microorganisms obtain nutrition in a variety of ways. For example, some bacteria living near the surface of either fresh or marine waters, where there is often abundant sunlight, are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Bacteria living at hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor where there is no sunlight can produce their own food through a process known as chemosynthesis, which depends on preformed organic carbon as an energy source. Many other microorganisms are not able to produce their own food. Rather, they obtain necessary nutrition from the breakdown of organic matter such as dead organisms.

Microorganisms are called microbes for short. This class of life forms includes cellular life forms as well as the non-living crystals called viruses that parasitize living cells. The category called microbes includes viruses, bacteria, protists, some forms of fungus organisms and a few simple members of the animal kingdom. Microbes exist everywhere in abundance. Most are not harmful but some in category are known as pathogens and are harmful. The term pathogen indicates disease causing.