Environmental Microbiology, Soil Microbiology & Microbial Biogeochemistry

This  Forest microbiology is  on sympathetic the activities of living organisms in the forest, like trees and mushrooms, from the organic and inorganic biochemical point of view  these actions can be used to magnify human life, such as by depressed down and detoxifying environmental pollutants, and searching for physiologically active substances obtainable from trees. It plays the role of a natural protective that prevents timber from decaying easily. Although ordinary micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi cannot decompose lignin, there is one oddball micro-organism in forests that does break lignin down. This microbe is called white rot fungus because it makes timber turn white and disintegration.

Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds (such as pyridine or quinolone), pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals.

Coastal upwelling regimes associated with eastern boundary currents is the most biologically productive ecosystems in the ocean. As a result, they play a disproportionately important role in the microbial mediated cycling of marine nutrients. These systems are characterized by strong natural variations in carbon dioxide concentrations, pH, nutrient levels and sea surface temperatures on both seasonal and inter annual timescales. Despite this natural variability, changes resulting from human activities are starting to emerge. Carbon dioxide derived from fossil fuel combustion is adding to the acidity of upwelled low-pH waters. Low-oxygen waters associated with coastal upwelling systems are growing in their extent and intensity as a result of a rise in upper ocean temperatures and productivity.

Agricultural microbiology is a field of study concerned with plant-associated microbes. It aims to address problems in agricultural practices usually caused by a lack of biodiversity in microbial communities. An understanding of microbial strains relevant to agricultural applications is useful in the enhancement of factors such as soil nutrients, plant-pathogen resistance, crop robustness, fertilization uptake efficiency, and more. The many symbiotic relationships between plants and microbes can ultimately be exploited for greater food production necessary to feed the expanding human populace, in addition to safer farming techniques for the sake of minimizing ecological disruption.

Industrial microbiology may be defined as the study of the large-scale and profit motivated production of microorganisms or their products for direct use, or as inputs in the manufacture of other goods. Thus yeasts may be produced for direct consumption as food for humans or as animal feed, or for use in bread-making; their product, ethanol, may also be consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, or used in the manufacture of perfumes, pharmaceuticals, etc. Industrial microbiology is clearly a branch of biotechnology and includes the traditional and nucleic acid aspects.

Biogeochemical cycles involve the fluxes of chemical elements among different parts of the Earth: from living to non-living, from atmosphere to land to sea, and from soils to plants. They are called “cycles” because matter is always conserved and because elements move to and from major pools via a variety of two-way fluxes, although some elements are stored in locations or in forms that are differentially accessible to living things. Human activities have mobilized Earth elements and accelerated their cycles – for example, more than doubling the amount of reactive nitrogen that has been added to the biosphere since pre-industrial times., Reactive nitrogen is any nitrogen compound that is biologically, chemically, or radioactively active, like nitrous oxide and ammonia, but not nitrogen gas (N2).

Subsurface microbiology is a rising field in geo microbiology, environmental microbiology and microbial ecology that focuses on the molecular detection and quantification, cultivation, biogeographic examination, and distribution of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryote that permeate the subsurface biosphere. The deep biosphere includes a variety of subsurface habitats, such as terrestrial deep aquifer systems or mines, deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, marine sediments and the basaltic ocean crust. The deep subsurface biosphere abounds with uncultured, only recently discovered and at best incompletely understood microbial populations. So far, microbial cells and DNA remain detectable at sediment depths of more than 1 km and life appears limited mostly by heat in the deep subsurface.

Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, Oomycete, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. Microbiology methods in mycology, bacteriology, virology, nematology, applied microbiology etc.

Water microbiology is concerned with the microorganisms that live in water, or transferred from one habitat to another by water. Another group of microbes of concern in water microbiology are protozoa. The two protozoa of the most concern are Giardia and Cryptosporidium. They live normally in the intestinal tract of animals such as beaver and deer. Giardia and Cryptosporidium form dormant and hardy forms called cysts during their life cycles. The cyst forms are resistant to chlorine, which is the most popular form of drinking water disinfection, and can pass through the filters used in many water treatment plants. If ingested in drinking water they can cause debilitating and prolonged diarrhea in humans, and can be life threatening to those people with impaired immune.

Soil management is a key component to the success of site-specific cropping systems management. It starts with a farmer's capacity to vary tillage and inputs according to soil conditions and needs. This factor is important in seedbed preparation, weed management, sustainability, and has the potential to lower or optimize production costs within an individual field. With a GPS as their guide, farmers using conservation and minimum tillage (the practice of leaving residues on the soil surface) can adjust tillage as they pass through the different soil types while reducing the amount of soil disturbance. Adjustments according to soil conditions such as soil texture, moisture content, and soil pH are important to seed and fertilizer placement.

Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom those impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.

Biofilms on animal hosts have significantly increased resistance to various antimicrobials compared to planktonic cells. These microbial communities form microcolonies that interact with each other using very sophisticated communication methods.